The interest in the national culture of the Crimean people, the history of representatives of various nationalities and peoples of Crimea is quite natural. Meet the people living on the peninsula at different times and offer you. With ethnic characteristics and composition of the Crimean population can be found in the article history of the peoples of the Crimea . Here we will focus on the peoples who inhabited the Crimean it throughout the history of the Crimean peninsula, in chronological order. Brand. BRAND Greeks, the Greeks called the tribes that inhabited the mountain-piedmont part of the peninsula and the entire southern coast. Self-they do not know, maybe it tees - the descendants of the ancient indigenous population of the peninsula. The most ancient monuments of material culture on the peninsula date back to around the X century. BC. e., though their culture is traced before. Found remains of several fortified settlements, sanctuaries and tombs, the so-called "Taurus boxes". Engaged in cattle breeding, agriculture, hunting, and occasionally hunted piracy. With the beginning of a new era has begun a gradual merging of the Tauri with the Scythians, resulting in a new ethnonym - «tavroskify". Cimmerians - the collective name of the militant nomadic tribes inhabiting in the X-UP centuries. BC. e. Northern Black Sea Coast and the flat part of Taurica. This people have mentioned in many ancient sources. Monuments of material culture of the peninsula is very small. In the VII century. BC. e. Cimmerians, the ousted by Scythians, left the northern Black Sea region. However, their memory for a long time remained in place names (Cimmerian Bosporus, Cimmeric et al.) Scythians . The nomadic tribes of the Scythians appeared in the northern Black Sea coast and plain Crimea in VII. BC. e., gradually moving to a sedentary lifestyle and absorbing part of the tribes who lived there. In the III. BC. e. under pressure Sarmatians Scythians lost their possession on the mainland of the Black Sea and Sivash and concentrated in the plain Crimea. It emerged late Scythian state with its capital in Scythian Neapolis (Simferopol), which led the fight against the Greek states for influence in the peninsula. In the III. it fell under the blows of Sarmatians and then the Goths and Huns. The rest of the Scythians mixed with brands, Sarmatians and Goths. The ancient Greeks (Hellenes) . The ancient Greek colonists in the Crimea appeared in the VI. BC. e. Gradually populating the coast and founded a number of cities and settlements (Panticapaeum, Theodosius, Hersonissos, Kerkinitida et al.). Later, the Greek cities were united in the state of Chersonesos and Bosporan Kingdom. The Greeks founded a settlement, coin money, doing crafts, agriculture, wine production, fishing and traded with other nations. For a long time we exerted enormous cultural and political influence on all the peoples who lived in Crimea. In the first centuries AD the Greek government lose political independence, become dependent on Pontus, the Roman Empire and then - Byzantium. The Greek population is gradually merged with other Crimean ethnic groups, passing their language and culture. Sarmatians . The nomadic tribes of Sarmatian (. Roksolana, Yazygs, Aorses, Sirak, etc.) appear in the Northern Black Sea in IV - III centuries. BC. e., the close of the Scythians. In Taurica they penetrate to the III - II centuries. BC. e., that fought with the Scythians and bosporitami then engaging with them in the military and political alliances. Probably together with the Sarmatians in the Crimea and were ancient Slavs. Sarmatians, gradually settled on the peninsula, are mixed with the local Greek-Scythian Taurus population. The Romans (the Roman Empire) . Roman troops first appeared on the peninsula (in Bosporus Empire) in I. before. n. e. after the victory over the king of Pontus Mithridates VI Eupator. But the Romans were long Bosporus. In the second half of the I century BC. e. Roman troops at the request of Chersonesites helped to repel the onslaught of the Scythians. Since that time the kingdom of Bosporus and Chersonesos become dependent on Rome. Roman garrison and squadron located in Hersonissos, with breaks of about two centuries, bringing some elements of their culture in the life of the city. The Romans built a fortress and in other parts of the peninsula (Kharaks per m. Ai-Todor, fortress in Balaklava, Alma-Kermen and others.). But in the IV century Roman troops finally deduced from Tavria. Alana - one of the largest Sarmatian nomadic tribes. We started to penetrate into the Crimea in the II century. Initially, the Alans settled in south-eastern Crimea and the Kerch Peninsula. Then, because of the threat of Hun, Alans moved to the mountain south-western Crimea. Here, the contact with the local people, they go to the residence, adopted Christianity. In the early Middle Ages, along with the Goths, form the ethnic community "gotoalany". Goths . Germanic tribes invaded the Crimea is ready in the III Under their blows fell poedneskifskoe kingdom, and the Bosporus was in a dependent position. Initially, the Goths settled in the plains of the Crimea and the Kerch Peninsula. Then, because of the threat of the Hun ready to move into the south-western Crimea. The territory of their settlement later became Gothia names, and its residents became federates of the Byzantine Empire. With the support of the Byzantine Empire is built fortified settlements (Doros, Eski-Kermen). After the adoption of Christianity by the Goths here Gothic diocese of the Constantinople Patriarchate. In the XIII century on the territory of Gothia was formed Theodoro principality, which existed before the 1475 side by side with the Alans and professing the Christian faith unified Goths is gradually merged with them, forming the ethnic community "gotoalany", which was later involved in the ethnogenesis of the Crimean Greeks, and then the Crimean Tatars . Huns . During the IV - V centuries. Crimea repeatedly invading hordes of Huns. Among them were the different tribes - Turkic, Ugric, Bulgarian. Under their blows fell the kingdom of Bosporus, and the locals were hiding from their forays into the foothill-mountainous part of the peninsula. After the collapse of the Union of the Hun tribes in 453 of the Huns settled in the steppe Crimea and the Kerch Peninsula. For a while they were a threat to residents of mountain Tavriki, but then quickly disappeared into the local environment more cultural population. The Byzantines (Byzantine Empire) . Byzantines called the Greek-speaking Orthodox population of the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire. For many centuries, the Byzantine Empire played a leading role in the Crimea, defining policy, economy and culture of indigenous peoples. Actually the Byzantines in the Crimea was a bit, they were civil, military and ecclesiastical administration. Although a small number of inhabitants of the empire periodically moved to live in Taurica, when the metropolis was restless. Christianity came from Byzantium in Taurica. With the help of the Byzantine fortress was built on the coast and in the mountainous Crimea, strengthened Hersonissos and Bosporus. After the capture of Constantinople by the Crusaders in the XIII century. Byzantine influence on the peninsula practically stops. Crimean Greeks . In the V-IX centuries. in the south-east and south-western Crimea, a new ethnic group of the descendants of the ancient Greeks, tavroskifov, gotoalan, part of the Turks, later called "Crimean Greeks." Combining these different peoples adoption of Orthodox Christianity, as well as the common territory and way of life. In the centuries VIII -IX him pouring the Greeks who fled from persecution bezant ikono6ortsev. In the XIII century. in the southwestern Taurica formed two Christian principality - Theodoro and Kirk-Orsk, the main language in which was a Greek. from the XV century .. after the defeat of the Turks Genoese colonies and the principality of Theodoro, there is a natural Turkization and Islamization of the Crimean Greeks, but many of them have kept the Christian faith (even losing their native language) until resettlement from the Crimea in 1778, a small part of the Crimean Greeks later returned to Crimea. The Khazars - the collective name of different ethnic groups of the Turkic (Turkish-Bulgarians, Huns and others.) And non-Turkic (Magyar et al.) Origin. To VII century. formed state - the Khazar Khanate, bringing together several nations. At the end of a VII. Khazars invaded the Crimea, taking its southern part, except Hersonissos. In Crimea is constantly faced the interests of the Khazar Khanate and the Byzantine Empire. Repeatedly raised the revolt of the local Christian population against the rule of the Khazars. After the tip of the khanate of Judaism and victory over the Khazars Kievan princes their influence waned in the Crimea. The communities with the help of Byzantium managed to lose the power of the Khazar rulers. However, for a long time the peninsula was called the Khazars. Remaining in the Crimea Khazars gradually merged into the local population. Slavic-Rus (Kievan Rus) . Kievan Rus', asserting on the world stage in the period from IX to X century, constantly in conflict with the Khazar Khanate and the Byzantine Empire. Russian guards periodically invaded their Crimean possessions, capturing a considerable booty. In 988 Kievan Prince Vladimir and his retinue took in Hersonissos Christianity. On the territory of Kerch and Taman peninsulas was formed Tmutarakan Principality with Prince of Kiev in the lead, which lasted until the XI - XII centuries. After the fall of the Khazar Khanate and the weakening of the confrontation of Kievan Rus and the Byzantine campaigns of the Russian troops in the Crimea stopped, and the commercial and cultural ties between Tauris and Kievan Rus continued to exist. Pechenegs, Cumans . Pechenegi - Turkic-speaking nomads - often invaded the Crimea in the X century. Significant impact on the local population did not have any effect brevity of his stay in Crimea. Kipchaks (Kipchaks, coma) - Turkic-speaking nomadic people. Appeared on the peninsula in the XI century. and gradually began to settle in the south-eastern Crimea. Subsequently Polovtsi practically merged with newcomers Tatar-Mongols and became an ethnic basis for the future of the Crimean Tatar ethnic group, t. To. Numerically prevailed over the Horde and were relatively sedentary population of the peninsula. The Armenians resettled in the Crimea in the XI-XIII centuries., To escape the raids of the Seljuk Turks and the Arabs. First, Armenians are concentrated in the south-eastern Crimea (Solkhat, Kafa, Karasubazar), and then in other cities. We are engaged in trade and various crafts. By the XVIII century. A considerable part of the Armenians denies, but the Christian faith (Orthodox monofizicheskogo sense) does not lose until the relocation of Kryia in 1778 Part of the Crimean Armenians subsequently returned to the Crimea. After the annexation of Crimea to Russia here many Armenians migrated from Europe. In the late 1-the beginning of the XX century Armenians escaping the Turkish genocide in Armenia, also moved to the Crimea. In 1944, the Crimean Armenians were deported from the peninsula. Currently, there is their partial return to the Crimea. Venetians, Genoese . Venetian merchants appeared in Crimea in the XII century and the Genoese - in XIII th. Gradually replaced the Venetians, the Genoese established themselves here. Expanding its Crimean colonies, they are under contract with the Golden Horde khans, they include the entire coastal territory - from Kafa to Hersonissos. Actually Genoese were few - the administration, security, merchants. Their possessions in the Crimea existed before the capture of the Crimea by the Ottoman Turks in 1475 few remaining after the Genoese in Crimea (Crimean zhenovezhtsy) gradually disappeared among the local population. Tatar-Mongols (Tartars, Horde) . Tatars - one of the Turkic tribes conquered by the Mongols. Their name eventually transferred to the entire array mnogoplemёnny Asian nomads, having moved to a campaign to the west in the XIII century. Horde - a more accurate name. Tatar-Mongols - late term used by historians to the XIX century. Horde (among them were the Mongols, Turks and other tribes conquered by the Mongols, and numerically dominated by Turkic peoples), united under the rule of the Mongol khans, first appeared in Crimea in XIII century. Gradually, they began to settle in the northern and south-eastern Crimea. It was formed Crimean yurt Golden Horde with center Solkhat. In the XIV century. Horde convert to Islam and gradually settled in the south-western Crimea. Horde, close contact with the Crimean Greeks and Polovtsy (Kipchaks), gradually moving to the residence, becoming one of the nuclei of the Crimean Tatar ethnic ethnicity. Crimean Tatars . (Crimean Tatars - the so-called the people in other countries, self "kyrymly" - Crimeans, the inhabitants of the Crimea.) The process of forming the ethnic group, which later became known as "Crimean Tatars", was a long, complex and multifaceted. Its formation was attended by Turkic-speaking (descendants of Turks, Pechenegs, Polovtsian Horde and others.) And netyurkoyazychnye peoples (descendants gotoalan, Greeks, Armenians, and others.). The Crimean Tatars have become the main population of the Crimean Khanate, which existed from XV to XVIII century. Among them, there are three sub-ethnic groups. "Mountain Tatars" settled in the mountain and foothill parts of the peninsula. Their ethnic core is mainly formed to the XVI century. of the descendants of the Horde, and the Crimean Greeks Kipchak converts to Islam. Ethnic group "South Coast Tatars" was formed later in the land of his dominion to the Turkish sultan. Their ethnic based were descendants of the local Christian population (gotoalan, Greeks, Italians, and others.), Who lived on these lands, and converted to Islam, and the descendants of immigrants from Asia Minor. In XVIII - XIX centuries. on the southern coast of the Tatars began to settle and from other regions of the Crimea. In the steppe Crimea, the Black Sea and Sivash roamed Nogai, who had mostly Turkic (Kipchak) and Mongolian roots. In the XVI century. they took the citizenship of the Crimean Khan, and later joined the Crimean Tatar ethnic group. They were called "steppe Tatars." After the annexation of Crimea to Russia begins the process of emigration of Crimean Tatars in Turkey and other countries. As a result of several waves of emigration of the Crimean Tatar population numbers decreased significantly by the end of XIX th. It was 27% of the Crimean population. In 1944, the Crimean Tatar people was deported from the Crimea. The deportation was unintentional mixing of different sub-ethnic groups that have hardly mixed with each other. Currently, most of the Crimean Tatars returned to Crimea, there is the final formation of the Crimean Tatar ethnic group. The Turks (Ottoman Empire) . Invaded the Crimea in 1475, the Ottoman Turks captured primarily Genoese colonies and the principality of Theodoro. Their land was formed Sandzak - Turkish possessions in the Crimea, with its center in the Cafe. They accounted for 1/10 of the peninsula, but it was the most strategically important territories and fortresses. As a result, Russian-Turkish wars of the Crimea was annexed to Russia and the Turks (mainly military garrisons and administration) left him. The Turks organized resettled on the Crimean coast natives of Turkish Anatolia. Over time, considerably mixed with the local population, they were one of the ethnic groups of the Crimean Tatar people and were called "Tatars southern coast." Karaites (CARA) - People of Turkish origin, perhaps descendants of the Khazars. However, to this day their origin - the subject of sharp scientific disputes. This numerically small Turkic speaking people, formed on the basis of an isolated religiously sect to practice Judaism in a special form - karaism. In contrast to the orthodox Jews, they did not recognize the Talmud, and remained faithful to the Torah (Bible). Karaite community began to emerge in the Crimea after the X c., And to the XVIII century. they already had a majority (75%) of the Jewish population of the Crimea. Russian, Ukrainian . During the XVI-XVII centuries. relations between Slavs and Tatars were not easy. The Crimean Tatars are periodically raided the outlying lands of Poland, Russia and Ukraine, capturing slaves and booty. In turn, Zaporozhye Cossacks, and later Russian troops made military expeditions to the territory of the Crimean Khanate. In 1783, Crimea was conquered and annexed by Russia. It began an active colonization of the peninsula Russian and Ukrainians, which by the end of the XIX century. steel is the predominant population and keep them stay. Greeks and Bulgarians from lands subservient Turkey, under the threat of reprisals, with the support of the Russian state are moving to the Crimea at the end of XVIII - early XX century. Bulgarians are settled mostly in rural areas of south-eastern Crimea, and the Greeks (they called novogreki) - in the coastal towns and villages. In 1944, they were deported from Crimea. At present, some of them returned to the Crimea and many emigrated to Greece and Bulgaria. Jews . The ancient Jews in the Crimea there from the beginning of our era to quickly adapt to the environment of the local population. Their number is significantly increased in the V-IX centuries., When they are persecuted in Byzantium. They live in the city, doing crafts and trade, By the XVIII century. some of them much otyurechivaetsya, becoming the basis for Krymchaks - Turkic ethnos professing Judaism. After the annexation of Crimea to the Russian Jews have always made up a significant proportion of the population of the peninsula (it amounted to 8% at the beginning of XX century.), As the Crimea was part of the so-called "Pale of Settlement", where Jews were allowed to settle. Krymchaks - Turkic small nationalities, formed in the XVIII century. descendants of Jews who migrated to the Crimea at different times and from different locations and thoroughly Turkified, as well as the Turks, who took Judaism. Professed the Jewish religion Talmudic sense, which served as their unification into a single nation. A few representatives of the people living in Crimea today. The Germans . After the annexation of Crimea to Russia in the early XIX century. German immigrants, using the considerable benefits began to settle mainly in the steppe Crimea and the Kerch Peninsula. We are primarily engaged in agriculture. Almost up to the World War II German lived in separate villages and hamlets. By the beginning of XX century. Germans made up to 6% of the population of the peninsula. Their descendants deported from Crimea in 1941. At present, only a few of the Crimean Germans returned to the Crimea. Most emigrated to Germany. Poles, Czechs, Estonians . The settlers of these nationalities appeared in Crimea in the middle of the XIX century., Mainly engaged in agriculture. By the middle of the XX century. they virtually disappeared among the dominant local Slavic population.