Kozak Travel Inkerman From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For other uses, see Inkerman (disambiguation). Inkerman Інкерман Инкерман İnkerman Flag of Inkerman Flag Coat of arms of Inkerman Coat of arms Inkerman is located in Sevastopol InkermanInkerman Location of Inkerman within Sevastopol Coordinates: 44°36′0″N 33°36′0″ECoordinates: 44°36′0″N 33°36′0″E Country Disputed: Ukraine (de jure) Russia (de facto) Region Sevastopol Elevation 50 m (160 ft) Population • Total 10,348 Time zone MSK (UTC+4) Postal code 299703 — 299709 Area code 8692 Former names Kalamita (until 1475), Belokamensk (1976 — 1991) Inkerman (Ukrainian: Інкерман, Russian: Инкерман, Crimean Tatar: İnkerman) is a city in the Crimean peninsula, currently subject to a territorial dispute between the Russian Federation and Ukraine. It is situated 5 kilometres east of Sevastopol, at the mouth of the Chernaya River that flows into Sevastopol Inlet (aka the North Inlet). Administratively, Inkerman is subordinate to the municipality of Sevastopol which does not constitute part of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea. Population: 10,348 (2014 Census).[1] Inkerman is said to mean a "cave fortress" in Turkish. During the Soviet era (1976–1991) it was known as Bilokamiansk (Ukrainian: Білокам'янськ) or Belokamensk (Russian: Белокаменск), which literally means "White Stone City", as a reference to the soft white stone quarried in the area and commonly used for construction, but since then it has regained its pre-Soviet name. Contents [hide] 1 History 2 Gallery 3 See also 4 External links History[edit] The area has been inhabited since ancient times. The cave monastery of St. Clement was founded near Inkerman in the 8th century by Byzantine icon-venerators fleeing persecution in their homeland. The monastery was closed during the Soviet era and several of its churches destroyed but is now in restoration and brought back into use. Kalamita (Greek: Καλαμίτα) was a medieval fortress built in the 8th-9th century on a strategic cliff overlooking the estuary and later expanded in the 14th century. In 1475 Kalamita was taken by the Turks and named Inkerman. After the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca in 1774 the fortress was abandoned and fell into ruin, but a small settlement at the base of the cliff remained. The town became the centre of worldwide attention in 1854 during the Crimean War, when Inkerman was the scene of the Battle of Inkerman and the Battle of Chernaya River, both victorious for the French and the British troops. During the Soviet times, a large underground ammunition warehouse of the Black Sea Fleet was situated under rocky cliffs in the Inkerman area. The storage was abandoned in the 1970s after an explosion that damaged the facility but did not detonate all its stockpiles. However, no efforts to secure the site were made until the 1990s when local residents began salvaging explosives which led to a number of deaths. Ukrainian Army engineer corps started extracting and decommissioning outdated ammunition in 2000 under a special government program. Inkerman has since largely returned to its pre-war obscurity, serving as a suburb of Sevastopol linked to the downtown core by commuter ferries. One of the major Crimean wineries featuring the Inkerman label is located in the adjacent area. A popular hiking trail leading into Crimean Mountains begins just east of the town. A horse in the Household Cavalry Blues and Royals has been named after the town and battle. The left flank company of the 1st Battalion Grenadier Guards, which holds the traditions of the disbanded 3rd Battalion (which played a large part of the battle) is named after the town and battle. Now known as the Inkerman Company, or by its nickname "The Ribs". Gallery[edit] Inkerman around 1830 Inkerman Cave Monastery around 1910. Inkerman orthodox men's cave monastery of St.Clement in 2009. See also[edit] Hicks Withers-Lancashire External links[edit] (English) (Russian) (Ukrainian) Official Sevastopol city website[dead link] (Russian) Inkerman (Russian) Panoramas of Inkerman Battle of Inkerman From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Battle of Inkermann Part of the Crimean War Inkermann.jpg The 20th Foot at the Battle of Inkerman, by David Rowlands Date 5 November 1854 Location Inkerman, Taurida Governorate, Russian Empire (present day Inkerman, Crimea) Result Allied victory Belligerents British Empire British Empire France French Empire Russia Russian Empire Commanders and leaders British Empire Lord Raglan France François Canrobert Russia Alexander Menshikov Strength Total: 13,239 soldiers & 56 guns engaged United Kingdom 9,482 soldiers & 38 guns engaged France 3,757 soldiers engaged & 18 guns (5,344 arrived after fighting ended) Russia 67,979 soldiers & 235 guns Casualties and losses Total: 4,676 killed & wounded United Kingdom 597 killed & 2,163 wounded France 229 killed & 1,551 wounded Russia Total: 11,959 killed & wounded 3,286 killed & 8,673 wounded [hide] v t e Crimean War Oltenița Sinop Cetate Calafat Silistra Kurekdere Suomenlinna Bomarsund Petropavlovsk Alma Sevastopol Malakoff Great Redan Balaclava Inkerman Eupatoria Taganrog Chernaya Kars Kinburn The Battle of Inkerman was fought during the Crimean War on 5 November 1854 between the allied armies of Britain, France and Ottoman Empire against the Imperial Russian Army. The battle broke the will of the Russian Army to defeat the allies in the field, and was followed by the Siege of Sevastopol. The role of troops fighting mostly on their own initiative due to the foggy conditions during the battle has earned the engagement the name "The Soldier's Battle".[1] Contents [hide] 1 Prelude to the battle 2 Battle 2.1 Assault 2.2 The Second Division in action; the Russians in the valley 2.3 Home Hill 2.4 Fourth Division in action 2.5 Defence of Home Hill by the British and French forces 3 Aftermath 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Prelude to the battle[edit] The allied armies of Britain, France, Sardinia, and the Ottoman Empire had landed on the west coast of Crimea on 14 September 1854, intending to capture the Russian naval base at Sevastopol.[2] The allied armies fought off and defeated the Russian Army at the Battle of Alma, forcing them to retreat in some confusion toward the River Kacha.[3] While the allies could have taken this opportunity to attack Sevastopol before Sevastopol could be put into a proper state of defence, the allied commanders, British general FitzRoy Somerset, 1st Baron Raglan and the French commander François Certain Canrobert could not agree on a plan of attack.[4] Instead, they resolved to march around the city, and put Sevastopol under siege. Toward this end the allies marched to the southern coast of the Crimean peninsula and established a supply port at the city of Balaclava.[5] However, before the siege of Sevastopol began, the Russian commander Prince Menshikov evacuated Sevastopol with the major portion of his field army, leaving only a garrison to defend the city.[6] On 25 October 1854, a superior Russian force attacked the British base at Balaclava, and although the Russian attack was foiled before it could reach the base, the Russians were left holding a strong position north of the British line. Balaclava revealed the allied weakness; their siege lines were so long they did not have sufficient troops to man them. Realising this, Menshikov launched an attack across the Tchernaya River on 4 November 1854.[7] Battle[edit] Assault[edit] On 5 November 1854, the Russian 10th Division, under Lt. General F. I. Soymonov, launched a heavy attack on the allied right flank atop Home Hill east from the Russian position on Shell Hill.[8] The assault was made by two columns of 35,000 men and 134 field artillery guns[9] of the Russian 10th Division. When combined with other Russian forces in the area, the Russian attacking force would form a formidable army of some 42,000 men. The initial Russian assault was to be received by the British Second Division dug in on Home Hill with only 2,700 men and 12 guns. Both Russian columns moved in a flanking fashion east towards the British. They hoped to overwhelm this portion of the Allied army before reinforcements could arrive. The fog of the early morning hours aided the Russians by hiding their approach.[10] Not all the Russian troops could fit on the narrow 300-meter-wide heights of Shell Hill.[9] Accordingly, General Soymonov had followed Prince Alexander Menshikov's directive and deployed some of his force around the Careenage Ravine. Furthermore, on the night before the attack, Soymonov was ordered by General Peter A. Dannenberg to send part of his force north and east to the Inkerman Bridge to cover the crossing of Russian troop reinforcements under Lt. General P. Ya. Pavlov.[9] Thus, Soymonov could not effectively employ all of his troops in the attack. When dawn broke, Soymonov attacked the British positions on Home Hill with 6,300 men from the Kolyvansky, Ekaterinburg and Tomsky regiments.[11] Soymonov also had a further 9,000 in reserve. The British had strong pickets and had ample warning of the Russian attack despite the early morning fog. The pickets, some of them at company strength, engaged the Russians as they moved to attack. The firing in the valley also gave warning to the rest of the Second Division, who rushed to their defensive positions. De Lacy Evans, commander of the British Second Division, had been injured in a fall from his horse so command of the Second Division was taken up by Major-General John Pennefather, a highly aggressive officer. Pennefather did not know that he was facing a superior Russian force. Thus he abandoned Evans' plan of falling back to draw the Russians within range of the British field artillery which was hidden behind Home Hill.[11] Instead, Pennefather ordered his 2,700 strong division to attack. When they did so, the Second Division faced some 15,300 Russian soldiers. Russian guns bombarded Home Hill, but there were no troops on the crest at this point. The Second Division in action; the Russians in the valley[edit] A British map of the positions of the forces after the initial assault The Russian infantry, advancing through the fog, were met by the advancing Second Division, who opened fire with their Pattern 1853 Enfield rifles, whereas the Russians were still armed with smoothbore muskets.[12] The Russians were forced into a bottleneck owing to the shape of the valley, and came out on the Second Division's left flank. The rifled Minié balls of the British rifles proved deadly accurate against the Russian attack.[13] Those Russian troops that survived were pushed back at bayonet point. Eventually, the Russian infantry were pushed all the way back to their own artillery positions. The Russians launched a second attack, also on the Second Division's left flank, but this time in much larger numbers and led by Soymonov himself. Captain Hugh Rowlands, in charge of the British pickets, reported that the Russians charged "with the most fiendish yells you can imagine."[14] At this point, after the second attack, the British position was incredibly weak. If Soymonov had known the condition of the British, he would have ordered a third attack before the British reinforcements arrived.[13] Such a third attack may well have succeeded, but Soymonov could not see in the fog and thus did not know of the desperate situation of the British. Instead, he awaited the arrival of his own reinforcements—General Pavlov's men who were making their way toward the Inkerman battlefield in four different prong attacks from the north.[15] However, the British reinforcements arrived in the form of the Light Division which came up and immediately launched a counterattack along the left flank of the Russian front, forcing the Russians back. During this fighting Soymonov was killed by a British rifleman.[13] Russian command was immediately taken up by Colonel Pristovoitov, who was himself shot a few minutes later. Colonel Uvazhnov-Aleksandrov assumed command of the Russian forces. Shortly after, Uvazhnov-Aleksandrov was also killed in the withering British fire. At this point, no officer seemed keen to take up command and Captain Andrianov was sent off on his horse to consult with various generals about the problem.[13] The rest of the Russian column proceeded down to the valley where they were attacked by British artillery and pickets, eventually being driven off. The resistance of the British troops here had blunted all of the initial Russian attacks. General Paulov, leading the Russian second column of some 15,000, attacked the British positions on Sandbag Battery. As they approached, the 300 British defenders vaulted the wall and charged with the bayonet, driving off the leading Russian battalions. Five Russian battalions were assailed in the flanks by the British 41st Regiment, who drove them back to the River Chernaya. Home Hill[edit] The Field of Inkermann, with the trenches General Peter A Dannenberg took command of the Russian Army, and together with the uncommitted 9,000 men from the initial attacks, launched an assault on the British positions on Home Hill, held by the Second Division. The Guards Brigade and the Fourth Division were already marching to support the Second Division, but the British troops holding the Barrier withdrew, before it was re-taken by men from the 21st, 63rd and Rifle regiments. This position remained in British hands for the rest of the battle, despite determined attempts to take it back. The Russians launched 7,000 men against the Sandbag Battery, which was defended by 2,000 British soldiers. So began a ferocious struggle which saw the battery change hands repeatedly. Fourth Division in action[edit] When the British Fourth Division arrived under General George Cathcart, they were finally able to go on the offensive. They launched a renewed attack against the Russians and on their flanks. The courage of Cathcart and his men had the unexpected effect of encouraging other British units to charge the Russians. However, the flanking troops were caught in the rear by an unexpected Russian counter-attack and Cathcart was shot from his horse and killed, leaving his troops disorganised and the attack broken up. This gave the Russian army an opportunity to gain a crest on the ridge. However, as the Russian troops were coming up, they were attacked and driven off by newly arrived soldiers from the French camps. The French, with marvellous rapidity, brought up a division from five miles away and poured reinforcements into the entire line, reducing the Russians' advantage in numbers.[16]:433 Arrival of Bosquet's division Death of general Cathcart Defence of Home Hill by the British and French forces[edit] At this point in the battle the Russians launched another assault on the Second Division's positions on Home Hill, but the timely arrival of the French Army and further reinforcements from the British Army repelled the Russian attacks. The Russians had now committed all of their troops, and had no fresh reserves with which to act. Two British 18-pounder guns along with field artillery bombarded the 100-gun strong Russian positions on Shell Hill in counter-battery fire. With their batteries on Shell Hill taking withering fire from the British guns, their attacks rebuffed at all points, and lacking fresh infantry, the Russians began to withdraw. The allies made no attempt to pursue them. Following the battle, the allied regiments stood down and returned to their siege positions. Aftermath[edit] Despite being severely outnumbered, the allied troops held their ground, becoming a marvel of each regiment's tradition and tenacity. The amount of fog during the battle led to many of the troops on both sides being cut off, in battalion-sized groups or less. Thus, the battle became known as "The Soldier's Battle". The Russian attack, although unsuccessful, had denied the allies any attempt at gaining a quick victory in the Siege of Sevastopol and condemned the allied armies to two terrible winters on the heights. Following this battle, the Russians made no further large-scale attempts to defeat the allies in the field.[citation needed] Alexander Kinglake obtained the official casualty returns for the battle. By his account allied casualties were: 2,573 British, of whom 635 were killed, and 1,800 French, of whom 175 were killed. Russia lost 3,286 killed within a total (including men taken prisoner) of 11,959 casualties.[17] See also[edit] John Prettyjohns References[edit] Jump up ^ http://britishbattles.com/crimean-war/inkerman.htm Jump up ^ Orlando Figes, The Crimean War: A History (Picador Publishing: New York, 2010) p. 203. Jump up ^ Orlando Figes, The Crimean War: A History, pp. 215-216. Jump up ^ Orlando Figes, The Crimean War: A History, p. 222. Jump up ^ Orlando, The Crimean War: A History, p. 225. Jump up ^ Orlando Figes, The Crimean War: A History, p. 241. Jump up ^ Orlando Figes, The Crimean War: A History (Picador Publishing: New York, 2010) p. 258. Jump up ^ Orlando Figes, The Crimean War: A History, pp. 257-259. ^ Jump up to: a b c Orlando Figes, The Crimean War: A History, p. 257. Jump up ^ Orlando Figes, The Crimean War: A History, p. 258. ^ Jump up to: a b Orlando Figes, The Crimean War: A History, p. 259. Jump up ^ Myatt, F. (1979): The illustrated encyclopedia of 19th century firearms. Salamander books, New York, page 50 ^ Jump up to: a b c d Orlando Figes, The Crimean War: A History, p. 260. Jump up ^ Orlando Figes, The Crimean War: A History, p. 259 Jump up ^ See the map on page XXX of Orlando Figes, The Crimean War. Jump up ^ Porter, Maj Gen Whitworth (1889). History of the Corps of Royal Engineers Vol I. Chatham: The Institution of Royal Engineers. Jump up ^ Kinglake Vol 5, "Battle of Inkerman", page 458: "From the general engagement of the 5th November, including the fight on Mount Inkerman, there resulted, it seems, to the Russians a loss of 11,959 in killed, wounded, and prisoners [of which 3,286 killed]; to the English a loss of 2,573, of whom 635 were killed...Official return[s]". Further reading[edit] Figes, Orlando (2010) The Crimean War: A History. New York: Picador Publishing, 2010 Kinglake, A. W. (1863) Invasion of the Crimea. 8 vols. Edinburgh: Blackwood, 1863–1887 External links[edit] The Battle of Inkerman The Battle of Inkerman